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What to think of "subject(ive)" and "object(ive)"?

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David_D View Drop Down
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    Posted: July 29 2023 at 09:08

In philosophy, as far as they've been found meaningful/good to use, the terms subjective and objective have been defined 
something like this:

subjective - relating to an object as it exists in the mind, as opposed to the thing as it exists in reality (the thing in itself) 
(according to dictionary.com)

1. objective (reality) - exists independent of the subject’s perception of it (according to Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 
or 2 . objectivity - the concept of truth independent from individual subjectivity (bias caused by one's perception, emotions, 
or imagination). A proposition is considered to have objective truth when its truth conditions are met without bias caused 
by the mind of a sentient being. ( according to  https://dbpedia.org/page/Objectivity_(philosophy)  ). 

But what to think about these terms?

Edit:
I think the terms subjective and objective in general and roughly speaking are mainly used like this:

subjective - 1. as it seems to be to or is appreciated by some individuals, or 2. as it appears to the human mind in general

objective - 1. possessing general validity, or 2. related to reality as it supposes to be outside the human mind 

I hope you'll find this thread interesting! Smile


Edited by David_D - July 31 2023 at 17:09
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote David_D Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 30 2023 at 02:25

I better tell that I've edited my OP to this:

"or 2 . objectivity - the concept of truth independent from individual subjectivity (bias caused by one's perception, emotions, 
or imagination). [+] A proposition is considered to have objective truth when its truth conditions are met without bias caused 
by the mind of a sentient being. ( according to  https://dbpedia.org/page/Objectivity_(philosophy)  )."




Edited by David_D - July 30 2023 at 02:51
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote David_D Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 30 2023 at 02:37

Wikipedia defines "subjective" and "objective" in this way:

"The distinction between objectivity and subjectivity is a basic idea of philosophy, particularly epistemology. It is often related to discussions of consciousnessagencypersonhoodphilosophy of mindphilosophy of languagerealitytruth, and communication (for example in narrative communication and journalism).
  • Something is objective if it is true even outside of individuals' minds (their biasesperceptionemotionsopinions, or imagination). If a claim is true even when considering it independently from the viewpoint of a sentient being, it is objectively true. Scientific objectivity refers to the ability to judge without partiality or external influence. Moral objectivity calls for moral or ethical codes to be compared to one another through a set of universal facts or a universal perspective and not through differing conflicting perspectives.[1] Journalistic objectivity is the intention to be unbiased, impartial, or politically neutral in the reporting of facts and news.
  • Something is subjective if it is true only according to individuals' minds (biases, perceptions, opinions, etc.) or conscious experiences.[2] If a claim is true exclusively when considering the claim from the viewpoint of a sentient being, it is subjectively true. For example, one person may consider the weather to be pleasantly warm, and another person may consider the same weather to be too hot; both views are subjective. The word subjectivity comes from subject in a philosophical sense, meaning an individual who possesses unique conscious experiences, such as perspectives, feelings, beliefs, and desires,[2][3] or who (consciously) acts upon or wields power over some other entity (an object).[4]"  
  • ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_and_subjectivity )


Edited by David_D - July 30 2023 at 02:41
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote suitkees Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 30 2023 at 03:11
Originally posted by David_D David_D wrote:

I better tell that I've edited my OP to this:

"or 2 . objectivity - the concept of truth independent from individual subjectivity (bias caused by one's perception, emotions, 
or imagination). [+] A proposition is considered to have objective truth when its truth conditions are met without bias caused 
by the mind of a sentient being. ( according to  https://dbpedia.org/page/Objectivity_(philosophy)  )."

That's a very awkward definition, because it contains a conceptual contradiction, and I wouldn't think a dictionary (let alone an encyclopedia) would present it in this way, today. So I looked at the source and understand that dbpedia is roaming the internet for definitions and is apparently lacking in analysing what they have found. The good thing is that they link to their source and things explain themselves a little (despite the fact that the source they link to is not active anymore): it is from a research project on Emmanuel Kant, an 18th century philosopher. Philosophy has made some way since then, and it is interesting to see that this definition of "objectivity" shows exactly the step that Kant didn't dare to make. We had to wait for Nietsche to have that courage...

First there is an awkward and unexplained/unelaborated shift from "objectivity" to "truth", nevertheless two very different concepts (this maybe shows the shortcomings of dictionaries, as opposed to encyclopedias, when it comes to - philosophical - concepts.

The contradiction is here: stating that "truth" is independent from individual subjectivity and then daring to say
Quote A proposition is considered to have objective truth when its truth conditions are met without bias caused by the mind of a sentient being.
If we consider "truth" to be a statement about (objective) reality, than this statement can only be made by a subject and thus truth can never be objective. This means that "truth conditions" can never be met without being caused by a sentient bieng and thus not without bias.

As Nietsche said: "Truth is an illusion of which we have forgotten that it is one." (This makes Nietsche so fun to read: he is "philosophizing with a hammer"). It comes from an essay that explains it maybe a bit better (and it is a very readable, relatively short and very interesting essay titled "On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense"):
Quote What then is truth? A movable host of metaphors, metonymies, and anthropomorphisms: in short, a sum of human relations which have been poetically and rhetorically intensified, transferred, and embellished, and which, after long usage, seem to a people to be fixed, canonical, and binding. Truths are illusions which we have forgotten are illusions — they are metaphors that have become worn out and have been drained of sensuous force, coins which have lost their embossing and are now considered as metal and no longer as coins.
Later philosphers - like Husserl, Heidegger, Gadamer,  just to mention them - elaborated this in a more fundamental philosphy (phenomenology, ontology, epsitemology...).

The article from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosphy is much more elaborated and thus nuanced about the notion of objectivity. Point 2f from this text is in that sense much connected to my Nietsche quotes above:
Originally posted by <a href=https://iep.utm.edu/objectiv/ target=_blank rel=nofollow>IEP</a> IEP wrote:

Despite plausible ways of arguing that intersubjective disagreement indicates error and agreement indicates some probability of truth, defenses of objective knowledge all face the philosophically daunting challenge of providing a cogent argument showing that any purported “mark” of reliability (including apparent intersubjective agreement) actually does confer a high likelihood of truth. The task seems to presuppose some method of determining objective truth in the very process of establishing certain sorts of subjective impressions as reliable indicators of truth. That is, we require some independent (non-subjective) way of determining which subjective impressions support knowledge of objective reality before we can find subjectively accessible “markers” of the reliable subjective impressions. What could such a method be, since every method of knowledge, judgment, or even thought seems quite clearly to go on within the realm of subjective impressions? One cannot get out of one’s subjective impressions, it seems, to test them for reliability. The prospects for knowledge of the objective world are hampered by our essential confinement within subjective impressions.

So, in short: even in philosophy the notion of objectivity is a very much debated notion and there is not necessarily a consensus about it. In everyday language the notions of objectivity and subjectivity are often used in a very confusing way, which is regularly shown also on these forums here.

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote rdtprog Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 30 2023 at 04:09
Unfortunateley those phenomenologists (Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre) after seeing through what could get rid of that subject-object duality have come to a desperate conclusion about what they have discovered, which is that existence is not so much fun when you realize that you are "nothing" in this world...
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Lewian Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 30 2023 at 04:14
Kees already alludes to this: The major problem with the concept of objectivity is that to the extent that it refers to anything independent of (individual) mind and perception, mind and perception can never secure objectivity, because it is out of their reach. And if individual minds can't access it, neither can society.

Philosophers and others have discussed objectivity a lot and have come up with ideas about objectivity that refer to something that mind and language can grasp more easily. All these are controversial though, none is without problems. Here are a few: You could call "objective" statements/facts/truths that can be arrived at on the basis of "logical necessities"/formalised logical rules such as mathematical truths (these usually are consequences of premises that themselves can be questioned). You could generally refer to "playing by the rules" within a formal system as "objectively correct", which would then be relative to the rules of course (note that in chess it is far more easy to see whether rules are violated than in football/soccer as chess itself is formalised). The positivists would acknowledge observables, i.e., statements that can be clearly checked and verified or falsified on the basis of observations; those verified would be the objective ones. The law system and other decision making institutions would have rules that are meant to secure impartiality; although you can ultimately not verify impartiality, often you can identify partiality and try to explicitly avoid it. There are also ideas that state that consensus or "consensus among experts" are a key ingredient of objectivity, but these accounts will usually have to deal with the uncomfortable fact that consensus will not normally comprise 100% of the people (or even the experts) and the hard problems are (a) who counts as qualified enough to take part and (b) how many deviants would you still allow in the group defined by (a)? Furthermore in thought experiments you can easily imagine a 100% consensus on something that "in reality" is wrong. That said, neither "logical necessity" nor verifiable observation nor impartiality nor rules can be upheld without overwhelming consensus regarding their basis (unless of course you'd accept an unquestionable absolute authority). 

A fun fact is that Daston and Gallison in their Objectivity book of 2007 trace the history of the concept and the change of its meanings in science, and they argue that, if I remember it correctly, around the 18th century the terms of objectivity and subjectivity switched meanings, i.e., before they were used closer to the opposite of what we'd think of them now. (This has to be understood within a framework of continuous gradual change of the use of the concept also at any other time.)

And Humberto Maturana once said, referring to the role of objectivity claims in social discourse: "A claim to objective knowledge is an absolute demand for obedience."


Edited by Lewian - July 30 2023 at 04:23
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote suitkees Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 30 2023 at 04:26
Originally posted by rdtprog rdtprog wrote:

Unfortunateley those phenomenologists (Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre) after seeing through what could get rid of that subject-object duality have come to a desperate conclusion about what they have discovered, which is that existence is not so much fun when you realize that you are "nothing" in this world...

I don't think any of the philosophers you refer to would draw the conclusion you try to put in their shoes...

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote rdtprog Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 30 2023 at 05:03
Originally posted by suitkees suitkees wrote:

Originally posted by rdtprog rdtprog wrote:

Unfortunateley those phenomenologists (Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre) after seeing through what could get rid of that subject-object duality have come to a desperate conclusion about what they have discovered, which is that existence is not so much fun when you realize that you are "nothing" in this world...

I don't think any of the philosophers you refer to would draw the conclusion you try to put in their shoes...


One has this conclusion : You discover your existential anguish, the other that life is to be worry. it's not very far for what I said...
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote David_D Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 30 2023 at 05:53
Originally posted by suitkees suitkees wrote:

First there is an awkward and unexplained/unelaborated shift from "objectivity" to "truth", nevertheless two very different concepts (this maybe shows the shortcomings of dictionaries, as opposed to encyclopedias, when it comes to - philosophical - concepts.

The contradiction is here: stating that "truth" is independent from individual subjectivity and then daring to say
Quote A proposition is considered to have objective truth when its truth conditions are met without bias caused by the mind of a sentient being.
If we consider "truth" to be a statement about (objective) reality, than this statement can only be made by a subject and thus truth can never be objective. This means that "truth conditions" can never be met without being caused by a sentient bieng and thus not without bias.

I agree it's a problem, and instead of "truth" I find much better IEP's term "subjective reality", as they divide reality into objective and subjective, and the point of view that judgements (opinions) are objective (corresponding to the objective reality) or subjective to varying degrees. ( https://iep.utm.edu/objectiv/ , the introductory section)

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote suitkees Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 30 2023 at 06:07
^ Neither the word "opinion" nor the word "judgement" are used in this IEP article, let alone the combination "objective judgement/opinion" because it would be contrary to what they're explaining. Objective opinions or judgements do not exist - it is in essence impossible.

Edit: I think I spelled "judgement" when searching for it, so it returned no results since in the article it is spelled "judgment", and it is quite extensively used. This doesn't change my point, though.



Edited by suitkees - July 30 2023 at 07:53

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote David_D Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 30 2023 at 06:16
Originally posted by suitkees suitkees wrote:

^ Neither the word "opinion" nor the word "judgement" are used in this IEP article, let alone the combination "objective judgement/opinion" because it would be contrary to what they're explaining. Objective opinions or judgements do not exist - it is in essence impossible.

Not "opinion" as I used this word to explain "judgement" but: "Consequent judgments are objective or subjective to varying degrees, and we divide reality into objective reality and subjective reality. " (the next last sentence in the introductory section)

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote moshkito Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 30 2023 at 06:36
Originally posted by suitkees suitkees wrote:

...
The contradiction is here: stating that "truth" is independent from individual subjectivity and then daring to say
Quote A proposition is considered to have objective truth when its truth conditions are met without bias caused by the mind of a sentient being.
If we consider "truth" to be a statement about (objective) reality, than this statement can only be made by a subject and thus truth can never be objective. This means that "truth conditions" can never be met without being caused by a sentient bieng and thus not without bias.
...

Hi,

I suppose that "truth" has to be independent of anything, that is relating to a person, and specially a mind. I keep thinking about how things are said and done that have a way to interfere with the idea of "truth" and what might be considered its "reality". The psychic world, and the digital-neuro world, try to "picture" this as something that is reachable within our minds, but at what point are we being subjective about it?

My thoughts are that while there is a side of the Internet that is awesome, the other side is that it has a massive tendency to distort any truth out there, up to and including cynical comments ... that have a tendency to lessen the importance of a thread (this board a good example), thus smearing the idea of objective/subjective to a point that it becomes impossible to get a good idea as to what is going on.

Originally posted by suitkees suitkees wrote:

...
As Nietsche said: "Truth is an illusion of which we have forgotten that it is one." (This makes Nietsche so fun to read: he is "philosophizing with a hammer").
...

Nietsche saying this during his time makes sense ... saying it today he would get trashed senselessly all over the Internet. Truth, in its most important translation is NEVER an illusion, although for our confused, and likely un-tuned minds, it seems like an illusion, something to search for, thus his comment makes sense to a point during his time.

The one story that is really valuable about this is the one about Jesus of Nazareth, since what he speaks of is a "truth" that everyone around him does not really believe in, and 300 years later, all churches decided to not follow the readings ... only the parts that suited them to get the controls they wanted over the public! This is probably/likely one of the first examples of manipulation of history, to some for of media/social control ... although I am a believer that the stories from Greek Mythology are the worst in this, and certainly the most ridiculous, with analogies that you would not even consider in stories to your own child! The idea of the "chorus" was invented as a sort of social mind that supposedly thought this way or that ... and many of the stories suffer and individuals get trashed senseless. The worst, for me, is Medea, who is accused of being a murderess, when she gave Glauce a robe (with poison per the Messenger) and then Glauce died in a fire ... dude ... how were things lit in those days? Lanterns on top of pillars with oil burning. Heat was kept in by tapestries on the walls and floors. All Glauce had to do was put on the robe and do a turn around and knock one of the pillars off and voila ... instant furnace. Later, her supposedly killing her own children is also bizarre, since an accident in one of those chariots would most likely hurt anyone in it, and specially children ... just go faster to get the rush, hit the rock or a hole ... bingo ... now why is the truth changed to poison? And then murder if it was an accident?

So you can see, how objective/subjective has been systematically DESTROYED to even the point that a definition, is literally impossible to discuss ... it's history, in my book, has been one of lies ... and social controls ... having nothing to do with "objective/subjective" ... and more to do with social and political aims.

I just don't know that we can arrive at a satisfactory discussion on this ... when history has so confused us to the point of simply wearing a beanie with a Question Mark instead of a small fan!


Edited by moshkito - July 30 2023 at 06:39
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote suitkees Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 30 2023 at 06:36
^^ Since opinions and judgements are always opinions and judgements of someone (a subject), they are thus by definition subjective. You can only confer some kind of objectivity to them within a specific framework (e.g. law, temperature measurement, the rules of a game...).
But it is a nice example of how these notions induce confusion: as soon as we change the frame of reference (or when two people talk both from a different frame of reference) it can only lead to misunderstandings.


Edited by suitkees - July 30 2023 at 07:34

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote moshkito Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 30 2023 at 06:49
Originally posted by suitkees suitkees wrote:

^^ Since opinions and judgements are always opinions and judgements of someone (a subject), they are thus by definition subjective. You can only confer some kind of objectivity to them within a specific framework (e.g. law, the rules of a game...).
But it is a nice example of how these notions induce confusion: as soon as we change the frame of reference (or when two people talk both from a different frame of reference) it can only lead to misunderstandings.

Hi,

I think one of my concerns with the media in general, when objectivity, all of a sudden, is almost impossible, since it ends up coming from a "subject" ... now we have the another one of those chicken and the egg routines ... and our discussion hits a wall.

I'm not even sure that a framework, or rules, are even applicable at that point. Many a philosopher over the last millennia have tried hard to define that only to end up getting us all even more confused, with terms and ideas that we can not even ... conceive, or think about. This is what makes the stories of Jesus of Nazareth, Buddha and others so difficult ... we can not see much in them that would seem to be truth ... mostly because the words do not translate properly. (Serious issue here, btw !!!! Translations are the worst drag of all!). And a bad translation does not a philosophy make! PERIOD on that one I think!

My thoughts, and I've posted this before, is how this is used HERE on the board and seeing folks that post their top 5, not spend a whole lot of time posting about other threads about different and new music ... a good example of this is two special threads ... Damo's and Andrea's. You would think some of these folks would listen to something else and have something to say ... but when you, or I don't have anything to say, isn't it mostly because we subjectively don't care?


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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote chopper Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 30 2023 at 07:09
Many years ago someone on PA posted that the appreciation of music was objective.
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote David_D Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 30 2023 at 07:33
Originally posted by suitkees suitkees wrote:

^^ Since opinions and judgements are always opinions and judgements of someone (a subject), they are thus by definition subjective. You can only confer some kind of objectivity to them within a specific framework (e.g. law, the rules of a game...).
But it is a nice example of how these notions induce confusion: as soon as we change the frame of reference (or when two people talk both from a different frame of reference) it can only lead to misunderstandings.

Yes, there's still some logical inconsistence in IEP's definitions and points of view, but on the other hand, the subjective reality is not just some human imagination without connection to the objective reality - when speaking in general.


Edited by David_D - July 30 2023 at 08:15
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote suitkees Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 30 2023 at 07:40
^ I think that the article mainly exposes different conceptions of these notions without necessarily giving one clear answer - which would not be the task of philosophy anyway, on the contrary.

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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Stressed Cheese Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 30 2023 at 07:40
There's a couple of different ways to look at it. There's at least:
1) The philosophical perspectives
2) Agreed-upon definitions
3) How people use the terms (which might be wrong)

For 1), you can talk for ages about what different philosophers think, but in philosophy you can always keep talking in circles for ages, so while that can be a fun thought exercise, everyone would be able to come to completely different conclusions.

I am more interested in 2), the practical applications of the term and how we define it, and for that, it's very simple to identify a statement as either objective or subjective. A child can do it. Of course, there's always different usages/definitions of words, e.g., the Wikipedia article talks about journalistic objectivity. But at that point, you're simply talking about something else. If we're talking about them as two opposed terms, any and all complications come purely from the philosphical realm.

For 3), specifically on this forum, a lot of people mistakenly believe that a review/rating of an album can be objective (verrrrry technically speaking, you can use objective criteria to rate albums, e.g., you can rate an album a certain about of stars based on the amount of songs that have the letter A in the title). Well, maybe not "a lot" of people believe that, but it comes up here quite often.

Originally posted by Lewian Lewian wrote:

The positivists would acknowledge observables, i.e., statements that can be clearly checked and verified or falsified on the basis of observations; those verified would be the objective ones. The law system and other decision making institutions would have rules that are meant to secure impartiality; although you can ultimately not verify impartiality, often you can identify partiality and try to explicitly avoid it. There are also ideas that state that consensus or "consensus among experts" are a key ingredient of objectivity, but these accounts will usually have to deal with the uncomfortable fact that consensus will not normally comprise 100% of the people (or even the experts) and the hard problems are (a) who counts as qualified enough to take part and (b) how many deviants would you still allow in the group defined by (a)?

Those things don't really have anything to do with objectivity/subjectivity. Objective statements can be wrong. I can say "I have blue eyes", and "I have brown eyes", and yet only one is true, while both are objective statements. And even if 100% of all living human beings would agree that pineapple is gross, that wouldn't make "pineapple is gross" an objective statement. So consensus has nothing to do with it. But like Saperlipopette pointed out in the other thread, unanimity isn't necessary for consensus anyway.
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Lewian Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 30 2023 at 08:07
@Stressed Cheese: In most practical applications terms are not explicitly defined, and the belief that people are talking about the same thing is just created by not questioning it. Daily language doesn't work by explicitly agreed definitions. Once you start questioning the use of objectivity by somebody else it'll (more or less) always end in controversy (as happens here). It is not an accident that not only philosophers but also people in many fields (law, physics, journalism...) struggle with the concept.


Edited by Lewian - July 30 2023 at 08:10
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Post Options Post Options   Thanks (0) Thanks(0)   Quote Stressed Cheese Quote  Post ReplyReply Direct Link To This Post Posted: July 30 2023 at 08:29
^There's some vagueness whether or not true objectivity can exist (again, a philosophical topic more than anything else), but when it comes to assigning either the label objective or subjective to any thought or statement a human can come up with, there's not much wiggle room. Some people just use the terms in the wrong way. A lot of debate just comes down to that. 
Originally posted by Lewian Lewian wrote:

(...)  people in many fields (law, physics, journalism...) struggle with the concept.
I would love to hear some examples. So far I haven't really found anything that chances my mind, but I'm interested in what you are talking about exactly.
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